From startup culture to sovereign capability Advanced artificial intelligence is no longer just a software market in which startups compete to build better tools. It is becoming a strategic infrastructure of state power, comparable to energy grids, telecommunications, satellites, financial networks, defence supply chains and cyber capabilities. The actors that control large models, data centres, […]
A breakthrough, not a final destination Large language models have already changed how people write, code, search, translate, summarize, teach and organize knowledge. Their success rests on a powerful empirical insight: when models, data and compute grow together, new capabilities appear. This is the core intuition behind the scaling hypothesis, and it explains much of […]
Most discussions about artificial intelligence begin with models. Which model is stronger, faster, cheaper or more capable? For public administrations and private enterprises, however, the decisive question is different: what data does the model reason over, who governs that data, how is it connected to real workflows, and how can every answer be traced back […]
Artificial intelligence is entering public administration, healthcare, education, local government and state security services. The central question is not whether public institutions will use AI. They already will. The real question is who will control the infrastructure, the data, the models, the logs and the rules of use. Public authorities can either build internal capacity […]
AI does not remove the need for understanding Artificial intelligence is already changing software development. Developers now use generative tools for autocompletion, refactoring, documentation, test generation, debugging and increasingly for agentic workflows where an AI system can inspect a repository, modify files and propose a pull request. This can be genuinely useful. It can reduce […]
From PHAROS to local models: a layered architecture for open AI The right strategy for artificial intelligence is not to choose one single technological solution. Not everything needs to run on a supercomputer, and it is equally unreasonable for every public body, university, school or business to depend permanently on commercial cloud APIs. The rational […]
The real issue is not intelligence, but authority AI agents are not just better chatbots. They are systems that can plan, call tools, write code, read documents, query databases, send messages, trigger workflows and sometimes act without direct human approval. That makes them valuable, but also institutionally dangerous. The key question for the public and […]
Why AI Still Fails at Common Sense Fluent language is not understanding Modern large language models can draft reports, summarise legal documents, write code, translate texts, answer questions and coordinate multi-step tasks with impressive speed. This fluency creates a dangerous illusion: because the answer sounds human, users often assume that the system understands like a […]
The crisis is deeper than cheating Generative artificial intelligence has not invented the crisis of university assessment. It has exposed it. For decades, higher education has relied heavily on essays, take-home assignments, reports and exams designed around one basic assumption: the text submitted by a student is a reliable proxy for that student’s understanding. That […]
From better retrieval to answer inspection before delivery Retrieval-Augmented Generation was introduced as a practical answer to one of the central weaknesses of large language models: their ability to produce fluent, confident text even when they do not know the answer. The core idea is straightforward. Before the model answers, the system retrieves relevant documents. […]