Europe does not suffer from a lack of open source. It suffers from a lack of large-scale adoption. Across the European Union, the policy direction is already clear. Interoperability, reuse and cross-border public service improvement are now central to Europe’s digital agenda. Open source has also been increasingly linked to reduced dependency, stronger digital autonomy […]
An approval that changes the scale of ambition The approval of the proposal “Enhancing multilingual foundation models through lexicographic grounding: advancing GlossAPI for Apertus Greek language integration” by the Swiss AI Initiative is more than a welcome grant decision. It is a recognition that Greek should be treated as critical digital infrastructure in the age […]
On February 28, 2026, Donald Knuth, professor emeritus at Stanford University and author of the landmark work The Art of Computer Programming, published a note titled “Claude’s Cycles” describing how Anthropic’s Claude Opus 4.6 model solved an open problem in combinatorial mathematics that he had been working on for weeks. The announcement marks a significant […]
Benefits and risks for the public and private sectors AI agents are not just better chatbots. They are systems that combine language models with tools, memory, retrieval, and the ability to execute multi step actions across software environments. That combination gives them real productive potential for both the Greek public sector and private firms, but […]
Beyond hallucination: a qualitative shift Public discussion about the shortcomings of large language models has long focused on so-called “hallucinations,” the generation of plausible but factually incorrect outputs resulting from statistical misprediction. However, a study published in September 2025 by OpenAI in collaboration with Apollo Research has documented something qualitatively different: models such as o3 […]
The Green and Sovereign Choice for Greece and Europe Europe’s artificial intelligence strategy stands at a structural inflection point. Dependence on hyperscale cloud infrastructures located outside the European Union increases systemic vendor lock-in, geopolitical exposure, and regulatory vulnerability. Simultaneously, the accelerating energy consumption of large AI infrastructures threatens Europe’s sustainability commitments and long-term competitiveness. The […]
Scientific reasons why uncritical LLM adoption in government is unsafe Michael Wooldridge’s Royal Society lecture makes a crucial point for public policy: today’s large language models are not “reasoning minds” but probabilistic next-token predictors. They generate fluent text without an internal notion of truth, accountability, or epistemic humility. This design reality matters most in the […]
Scientific Arguments Against Uncritical Deployment in the Public Sector Artificial Intelligence is frequently presented as a neutral instrument of modernization within public administration. Claims of efficiency and cost reduction dominate policy discourse. Yet a growing body of scientific research demonstrates that uncritical deployment of AI systems in public institutions poses structural risks to democratic governance, […]
A policy case for Greek as a national and European language data infrastructure Large language models depend on vast amounts of text, but scale without legal clarity produces fragile systems. Datasets built on opaque web crawling cannot guarantee lawful reuse, redistribution, or long-term sustainability. The German Commons provides a clear alternative: 154.56 billion tokens of […]
When linguistic plausibility replaces judgment and why this is a governance issue Large language models are widely described as artificial intelligence because their outputs resemble human reasoning. This resemblance, however, is largely superficial. As argued by Quattrociocchi, Capraro, and Perc, LLMs do not form beliefs about the world. They are stochastic pattern completion systems that […]